Mineral

= gold

= thing

thing = cow with four legs

--- solid, naturally formed, specific composition and crystal structure

Elements

--- 88 naturally occurring elements

Periodic Table of the Chemical Elements

H

He

Li

Be

B

C

N

O

F

Ne

Na

Mg

Al

Si

P

S

Cl

Ar

K

Ca

Sc

Ti

V

Cr

Mn

Fe

Co

Ni

Cu

Zn

Ga

Ge

As

Se

Br

Kr

Rb

Sr

Y

Zr

Nb

Mo

Tc

Ru

Rh

Pd

Ag

Cd

In

Sn

Sb

Te

I

Xe

Cs

Ba

La*

Hf

Ta

W

Re

Os

Ir

Pt

Au

Hg

Tl

Pb

Bi

Po

At

Rn

Fr

Ra

Ac*

 --- atom, proton, neutron, electron

Atom =

= source (spring issuing from cliff)

= spring

= child

--- atomic number --- mass number --- energy---level shells --- ion, complex ion (such as sulfate ion with an electric charge of 2-, i.e. SO₄ ^2-) --- cation, anion --- compounds (CaCO₃)

Bonds --- ionic,

covalent,

metallic, van der Waals bonding --- filling outermost electron shells

States of Matter --- crystal structure (vs. amorphous glass)

--- mineraloid, e.g. opal --- ionic radius (S with a charge of 2---, Cl---, F---, O with a charge of 2---. Collectively, these all have a radius which is > 0.132 nm) (Si⁺⁴, Al⁺³, Fe⁺², Mg⁺² . Collectively, these all have a radius which is < 0.075 nm)

Crystals --- crystal form --- interfacial angle

--- X---ray studies --- polymorph --- growth habit

Physical Properties of Minerals --- cleavage, e.g., rhomboid cleavage fragment of calcite, CaCO₃.

--- luster --- color --- streak --- hardness

--- density --- specific gravity --- differences in the transmissivity of light in different directions (with respect to the orientation of the crystal). For example, an image under a calcite crystal appears to be two images because light travels at different speeds in different directions toward your eye. Under glass (which is not crystalline), the image appears as just a single entity because light travels at the same velocity in all directions.